Ukubaluleka Komklami Wezihlalo Zezikhali

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukubukeka kwezihlalo akushintshile kuphela, kodwa futhi ukunethezeka nezidingo, okucebisa umlando wephrojekthi ngayinye. Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe nezinto zokwakha iyaqhubeka nokubumba indlela izihlalo eziklanywe ngayo futhi ezakhiwe ngayo. Futhi njenganoma yimuphi umklamo, ugqozi ludlala indima ebalulekile kule nqubo. Idizayini iqala ngezindlela ezintsha zokucatshangelwa kanye nokwethula ukuthi ifomu lingayisebenza kanjani imisebenzi nokuthi singayiguqula kanjani impahla yokusetshenziswa ibe izinto eziqondene namasiko athile.

Uma umsebenzi ungokwemvelo futhi umumo ungokwesiko, umehluko phakathi kokuhlala phezu kwetshe, kuvulandi, isihlalo sokugoqa se-Ikea samadola ayishumi noma isihlalo sokubhala se-Pininifarina samadola ayizigidi ngesikhathi esisodwa sihlanganyela esenzweni semvelo sokuphumula kanye nesiko. isenzo. ubuhlakani, noma okungenani ukuqashelwa kokudala. Manje, lapho kuba lula ukuchaza umsebenzi wento, yilapho umklami ekwazi ukwenza ngokwezifiso isimo sayo.

Isihlalo yinto ewufeza kalula umsebenzi waso, okusho ukuthi imisebenzi yaso kulula ukuyifeza. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi izihlalo zinikeza indlela elula yokuba abaklami bezakhiwo bafunde indlela entsha ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa esikalini sezakhiwo.

Ngezikhathi ezingavamile, izihlalo zenziwe ngezinto ezingavamile, ikakhulukazi njengobuciko noma ukuhlolwa. URaimonds Tsirulis, umklami wangaphakathi wase-Latvia, udale isihlalo esilengayo sentabamlilo esenziwe ngezandla ngedwala lentaba-mlilo.

Ukuklanywa kwesihlalo kucabangela ukusetshenziswa kwaso okuhlosiwe, i-ergonomics (induduzo yabagibeli) [25], kanye nezidingo zokusebenza ezingezona ze-ergonomic ezifana nosayizi, ukusimama, ukugoqa, isisindo, ukuqina, ukumelana namabala, kanye nomklamo wobuciko. Ukuhlelwa kwezihlalo ekamelweni kubizwa ngokuthi i-close-up design, okubandakanya impendulo yomuntu endaweni.

Nakuba zingase zingahlali phansi, lezi zihlalo zisasebenza injongo (kanye, ukubuyela emuva ekufanekiseni, izihlalo ezingavamile noma eziklami zingase zibe izimpawu zengcebo nomthelela). Okokugcina, izihlalo (njengoba kufakazelwa izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zemiklamo kanye nokuthatheka kwabakhi abaningi bezakhiwo ezinomklamo wefenisha) zinenani lobuhle; mahle ukubukwa. Izinto ezilula nezemvelo ezikhuluma indaba ye-armchair futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo zenza umbono yizimfanelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuklama okuhle. Ngokungeziwe endaweni yokuhlala, isihlalo singabonisa idizayini engcono kakhulu, sibonise izinto ezithandwa umuntu ngamunye, futhi singaba isilinganiso sokunyakaza okukhudlwana kobuciko namasiko.

Isikhathi esihle kakhulu sezihlalo zesimanje kwakuyikhulu lama-20, lapho ukuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuhambela phezulu kwabantu abaningi kwaphushela abaklami abangcono kakhulu emhlabeni ukuba babe nenselele yokudala yokuvuselela ifenisha ephansi. Endaweni yesimanjemanje, isihlalo simele inselelo ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ethandwayo yokuklama. Ngemuva kwePapanek, abaklami baqhubeka nokuzabalaza ngepuzzle yesitulo. Abaklami bezitulo besimanje abangasekho, abavame ukukhathazeka kakhulu ngokwenza ifenisha ebunjiwe yocezu olulodwa, baqhubeka nokuhlola izakhiwo zensimbi ne-plywood, besizwa ukwethulwa kwe-fiberglass nepulasitiki.

Izazi zesimanje zasendulo zathi "ifomu lilandela umsebenzi", kodwa izihlalo eziningi ezakhiwe ngekhulu lama-20 zaziyimifanekiso eqoshiwe. Yiqiniso, lokhu akukhona nje ngezihlalo: imikhiqizo eminingi ochwepheshe bokuklama izimboni abaletha emakethe ayizange idalwe izinhlangano eziningi. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ukusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe kuye kwethula izinto ezintsha nezindlela zokukhiqiza zabaklami bezitulo.

Izihlalo ziyi-protagonist enkulu emlandweni womklamo wonkana mayelana nokuqanjwa kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwakha kanye nobuchwepheshe, okusho ukuthi isihlalo siye savela phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, siwuphawu lokuklama kuzo zonke izigaba. Uma kuziwa ekwakhiweni kwezimboni, isihlalo cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi siyisisekelo sesiko. Idizayini yesihlalo esiyisakhiwo sodumo ingaphezu kwenhlangano yefomu nomsebenzi, ihlanganisa ubunjiniyela, ukusebenziseka kanye nokucabanga. Idizayinwe umklami waseDashi uFriso Kramer ngo-1953, isihlalo sami se-Revolt esiyintandokazi siyisibonelo esihle sesihlalo se-ergonomic.

Isikhundla sokulala sigqugquzelwa indawo yokulala yakudala yokuqwala izintaba / isosha, imilenze ihlezi esihlahleni kanye nekhanda kubhaka, futhi ukugoba komzimba kugcizelela ukwakheka kwesihlalo ukuze kube nomklamo othokomele futhi one-ergonomic. I-ergonomics yabo yenza izinto zesihlalo zibe nomthelela ekusebenzeni kwayo. Isihlalo sokudlela siwuhlobo olukhethekile lokuklama olusetshenziswa eduze kwetafula lokudlela. Umongo oqondile lapho isihlalo esizosetshenziswa khona sithinta indlela abantu abazohlala ngayo kuso (baqonde, bazingele, njll.)

Ngokuvamile, uma umgibeli kulindeleke ukuthi ahlale isikhathi eside, isisindo kufanele sisuswe esihlalweni, ngakho-ke izihlalo ezilula ezihlala isikhathi eside zivame ukuhlala okungenani kancane. I-Ergonomics ibaluleke kakhulu uma ufuna ukuhlala ngokunethezeka esihlalweni sakho. Abaqambi abaningi namuhla babheka izihlalo njengethuba lokuthuthukisa ukuma nolimi lomzimba.

Ukulimala okuningi nokubhalwe kahle okubangelwa ukuhlala isikhathi eside, njengengozi eyengeziwe yesifo senhliziyo, ukulimala kwe-tibia nomgogodla, kungancishiswa ngokuklama kwesihlalo esihle.

Isibonelo, imiklamo eminingi yezihlalo inama-cushions amakhulu, agxiliwe abonakala ebonisa ukunethezeka, kodwa ngokwe-ergonomically, ukuvumelana kuphambene nalokho kubuhle. Isayensi yeqiniso ye-ergonomics, u-Krantz uthi, kufanele iqondise abaklami baye ekwakhiweni kwesitulo esisekela futhi esigculisa isidingo somzimba sokunyakaza kunokunyakazisa, ngezihlalo ezitshekela phambili, ngokwesibonelo, futhi ezinesisekelo esivumelana nezimo ngokwanele ukuvumela isihlalo. ukunyakaza. isisindo somzimba wakho ukusuka komunye umlenze kuya komunye. Umklami wesitulo kungase kudingeke enze izimvume zokuklama ukuze enze ukukhiqiza kushibhile futhi kuhambisane nemvelo, kuyilapho umklami wewebhusayithi kungase kudingeke enze izivumelwano ngenxa yokuthi ezinye izingxenye azihambisani phakathi kweziphequluli noma zidale izinkinga zokusebenza.

Kodwa-ke, nakuba abaklami bekholelwa ukuthi kufanele bahlale becindezela onjiniyela, ubuchwepheshe bungaphusha ukwakheka ezindaweni ezintsha. Yingakho abaklami bewebhu beqonda izinga eliyisisekelo lekhodi njengento ebalulekile njengoba abaklami bezimboni beqonda izinto eziyisisekelo zezinto ezibonakalayo kanye ne-physics.

Kulesi sihloko, ngifuna ukuqhathanisa umklamo wezimboni (isihlalo) kanye nomklamo wedijithali (iwebhusayithi) ukuze ngifakazele ukuthi abafani nabazala abakude futhi bafana nabazalwane abaseduze.

Izihlalo zihlanganisa ifomu nokusebenza ngendlela abathengi abangayifaka kalula ngayo ngaphakathi, kodwa kunzima kakhulu kubaklami ukuze baphelele njengoba behlanganisa izindaba eziningi zokuklama - ukuklama, ukukhethwa kwezinto, indlela yokukhiqiza, isitayela kanye nokusebenza - kukhabhinethi encane. ... Izihlalo ezisuka ku-Architects zigcwele izibonelo eziningi zezihlalo ezihlelwe eceleni ngezithombe zezakhiwo eziwumfanekiso zabaklami bazo. Izihlalo e-V &Idizayini eyamukelekayo yesimanjemanje futhi ihlanganisa iminikelo emikhulu nesabalele yezikhathi zokuhlala zesimanje. USihlalo we-Barcelona, ​​okungenye yezindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwangaphakathi, siwumphumela wokubambisana phakathi komdwebi wamapulani odumile wase-Bauhaus uLudwig Mies van der Rohe kanye nozakwabo wesikhathi eside, umdwebi wezakhiwo kanye nomklami uLilly Reich.

Ingenye yezinto ezibonakalayo kakhulu zekhulu leminyaka elidlule kanye nesithonjana sokunyakaza kwesimanje. Inomklamo okhangayo ongemuva ohlinzeka ngokunethezeka ohlale uthola esihlalweni. Isebenza njengesihlalo, ngakho-ke kufanele ibe nohlobo oluthile lomklamo.