I-Evolution yeZitulo zeKhaya lokuKhathalela e-China
Noko ke, iZeitner iphawula ukuba ngoku amabhinqa abuyela ekhaya sele ekhulile yaye asenokuba neziphene emzimbeni kunanini na ngaphambili, kodwa abasebenzi bakulungele ukubanceda. I-Easton Home ineziko lezempilo elinabasebenzi ngokupheleleyo, elikhokelwa nguMary Linton, obekunye norhulumente iminyaka engama-21.
Isityebi kwimbali, iKhaya lase-Easton alikho ikhaya labalupheleyo okanye indawo yokugqibela yabasetyhini abangenakho ukukhetha. Kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo ekhaya, ukubekwa ibala yayiyeyona ndlela yokugqibela kubafazi ababengenayo enye indawo abanokuya kuyo.
Uninzi lwamakhaya abongikazi aqhutywa ngurhulumente, oomasipala, oorhulumente basekhaya okanye iimbumba. Icandelo lokhathalelo lwaseTshayina liye lafumana ukukhula okukhulayo kule minyaka mithathu ukuya kwemine idlulileyo, ukusuka kukhathalelo lwasekhaya ukuya kuluntu lomhlalaphantsi. Omnye umzekelo uthungelwano lwamaziko enkonzo angaphezu kwama-200 asekiwe kulo lonke elaseShanghai.
Uyilo lwaseTshayina lwenkqubo yokhathalelo lwexesha elide olunemigangatho emithathu lugxininisa ngokufanelekileyo iinkonzo zasekhaya kunye noluntu. Uncedo lobuchwephesha lubonwa njengoluncedisayo ekwandiseni nasekusetyenzisweni kakuhle kwabasebenzi bokhathalelo. Xa abantu befumanisa ukuba unyango luyavavanywa kwaye luhlawulwe xa lufuneka, oko kubakhwankqisa.
Apha e-UK, uninzi lwabantu lucinga ukuba uncedo lwezentlalo lufana ne-NHS kwaye luya kukhululeka xa lulufuna. Uncedo lwezentlalo lubandakanya zonke iindlela zoncedo lomntu siqu kunye nezinye iindlela zoncedo olusebenzayo kubantu abadala abafuna inkxaso eyongezelelweyo. Kuwo omabini amanqanaba kazwelonke nakumaphondo, urhulumente uqalise ukwandiswa okukhulu kweenkonzo zokhathalelo ukuxhasa ukhathalelo losapho kunye nokunceda abantu bahlale emakhayeni abo.
Ngelixa iinkonzo zasekhaya nezoluntu zikhethwa ngabantu abaninzi baseTshayina abakwizikhundla eziphezulu nabaxhaswa ngurhulumente, ezo nkonzo zihlala zisasazeke kuzo zonke izixeko needolophu zaseTshayina kwaye azikho kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Iinkampani ezininzi zase-US kunye neefemu zezabelo zabucala ziye zazama ukutyalomali kwizindlu zomhlalaphantsi zase-Western e-China.42,43 Nangona kunjalo, kukho imiqobo emininzi kwimpumelelo, kuquka i-niche yemarike engenakwenzeka (abaninzi abatyali-mali bafuna iipropati eziphezulu ezinokuthi zimbalwa. amaShayina amadala anokucinga.) vumela), ukungahambelani kwenkcubeko (ukhathalelo lwendlela yaseNtshona kunye neenkonzo zisenokungafani nemikhwa okanye izinto ezikhethwayo zabathengi), kunye nemeko yolawulo engaqinisekanga.
UGuo Xiaofei ukholelwa ukuba ifenitshala yokunyamekela abantu abadala e-China okwangoku ikwindawo yophuhliso kwaye ayinayo ingqalelo kunye nokuqonda. Kwamanye amakhaya amakhulu abantu abalupheleyo, ifanitshala ethambileyo isetyenziswa kancinci, ngelixa iimpahla zentsimbi zikhankanywa njengezona zininzi. Iinkampani zokuhlala ziyila iindidi zefanitshala ezifana neetafile zokutya, izipili, iitafile zekofu, iidesika kunye neebhodi ezisecaleni.
Abantu abahleli kwi-mat kunokwenzeka ukuba balale kwi-mat, njengokuba indawo yokuphumla yelanga ikwazi ukulala ebhedini. Ngaphambi kokuba kuvele izitulo, inkoliso yamaTshayina yayihlala phantsi ukuze ilale. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantu abaqhelekileyo banefenitshala encinci kwaye banokuhlala nantoni na: iibhentshi, iibhakethi, okanye umhlaba.
Ngexesha lee-dynasties ezimbini ezilandelayo (iNgoma yaseMntla kunye neNgoma yaseMazantsi), ukusetyenziswa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zefenitshala, kubandakanywa nezitulo, iibhentshi kunye nezihlalo, kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo kuluntu lwaseTshayina. Uyilo olutsha kunye noluphucukileyo lwavela, olufana nomqolo ongqukuva owenziwe emzimbeni, nangona ekuqaleni ifanitshala enjalo yayisetyenziswa kuphela ngamagosa kunye namaTshayina akudidi oluphezulu, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, loo fenitshala yasasazeka kumakhaya nabani na onokukwazi ukuyihlawula. Ifenitshala yasekhaya yaseTshayina, ngaphandle kwefanitshala yaseNtshona, iye yavela yaziindidi ezininzi ezifanayo, kuquka izitulo, iitafile, izitulo, iiwodrophu, iiwodrophu, iibhedi, neesofa. Izitulo ezenziwe ngamaplanga zaqala ukubonakala kwimizobo yaseTshayina malunga nekhulu le-10.
Izitulo ezikhoyo zolu hlobo azikho ngaphambi kweMing Dynasty (1368-1644), kodwa kubonakala ngathi kukho imizobo yenkulungwane ye-10 eTshayina ebonisa ubume besi situlo. Isitayela seklasikhi yefenitshala yaseTshayina yaqala kwi-Southern and Northern Song Dynasty (960-1279). Ifenitshala ngoku ithathwa ngokuba yiChina inokulandelwa emva kwiTang Dynasty (618-907). Ifenitshala yaseTshayina yayikhona ngexesha leMing kunye neQing Dynasties; ngoko ke, ifanitshala yesitayela seMing kunye neQing yaba yifanitshala yemveli yaseTshayina ebonwa ngabantu ngoku.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba iimilo ezisisiseko eziphuhliswe kwi-Ming Dynasty zisenokubonwa phantsi kwemihombiso entsonkothileyo esetyenziswa kwifenitshala kwi-Qing Dynasty. Ifenitshala ye-Ming Dynasty linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni umthi waseTshayina. Eli lixesha lokuqala kwimbali yaseTshayina ukuba uyilo lwefenitshala lubonisa umsebenzi walo.
I-aesthetics ekhangayo kunye nentsingiselo engokomfanekiso yefenitshala ye-Ming yanceda ukukhuthaza isitayile saseTshayina kumhombiso wekhaya wangoku. Ukuthatha ifenitshala kwiMing Dynasty njengomzekelo, isimboli sobugcisa sibandakanya ifilosofi yenkcubeko yamandulo yaseTshayina. Asikokubaxa ukuthetha ukuba ngaphandle kwempembelelo yoyilo lwaseTshayina, ifenitshala yakudala yaseNtshona ayinakuba yile nto iyiyo ngoku.
Ifenitshala yamandulo yaseTshayina ihlala ibhekisa kwinani elikhulu lezinto ezenziwe ngexesha leMing kunye neQing dynasties, ukusuka ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-14 ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. Iquka iitafile, iiwodrophu, izitulo, izitulo kunye neefreyimu zebhedi, kunye nenye ifanitshala esetyenziswa ekhaya.
Ifenitshala kunye nezinto zakudala ziquka imizobo emihle emidala, iisofa kunye nezitulo, iintlobo ngeentlobo zekristale entle, ichina, izibane zobhedu kunye neetapestries ezihonjisiweyo. Ukuba useTshayina, ke kukho iMyuziyam yeSizwe yaseTshayina eBeijing, enengqokelela enkulu yefenitshala evela kwiMing kunye neQing dynasties. Funda ngembali emangalisayo yefenitshala yamaTshayina kwiMizobo yobugcisa evela kwiMing kunye neQing dynasties ibonisa izithuba zangaphakathi ezimangalisayo, itsho ingcaphephe.
Musa Ukoyika Ukutyibilika Ngaphantsi Kwefanitshala Ekubeni ifanitshala yaseTshayina isetyenziswe kubomi bemihla ngemihla, kusenokwenzeka ukuba nezona zinto zingumzekelo ziye zahlaziywa. Ulwazi lwendlela ifenitshala eyenziwe ngayo. Ifenitshala yaseTshayina ngokuqhelekileyo iyenziwa ngaphandle kweglue okanye izikhonkwane - izinto zayo zibanjwe kunye nenethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yokudibanisa. Ukwakhiwa kwefenitshala yamaplanga yaseTshayina isekelwe ikakhulu kwiingceba zomthi eziqinileyo, ezidityaniswe ngokukodwa ngokudibanisa i-joinery seams kwaye kunqabile ngeglu okanye izikhonkwane zetsimbi.
Kodwa ngenxa yokuba abasebenzi baseTshayina abancinci benza imizobo isebenze, olu hlobo lwefanitshala luncede ukuqhuba impumelelo yenkampani. Ukuphakanyiswa kokuvalwa kokurhweba elwandle kwi-Ming Dynasty kwavumela ukunikezelwa kwemithi enzima njenge-huanghuali.
Yayikwaziwa ngokuba "sisitulo sesibane" kuba imilo yayo ifana kakhulu nesakhiwo sezinyuko esasisetyenziswa ngokwembali, uqikelele ukuba, ukuxhoma izibane kwikhaya lamaTshayina. Izitulo zaseTshayina azigcini nje ukongeza ubuhle kwigumbi lakho lokuhlala, kodwa zibalisa ibali elikhulu malunga nembali yaseTshayina kunye nembali yokuhlala. Kwiminyaka emininzi, izitulo zaseTshayina ziye zathakazelisa zombini abaqulunqi kunye nabaqokeleli bezobugcisa.
Zonke iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobuchwephesha be-lacquer yaseTshayina zinokufumaneka kwifanitshala kwaye ziye zafumaneka ngakumbi ekuhlaleni kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukusukela kwiMing Dynasty. Kwincwadi yakhe, uthi izitulo ezilingana nobuhle ukuya kwi-enemas azizange zivele kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-2,000, de kube yi-golden age yezihlalo ngenkulungwane ye-18, xa ubugcisa bokudala kunye norhwebo lwehlabathi luvelisa izinto ezihonjisiweyo. njengeFrench Louis XV armchair kunye nefenitshala enemilenze yecabriole yaseTshayina / yesiNgesi.
