Chisinthiko cha Mipando Yanyumba Yosamalira Ku China

Zeitner inanena, komabe, kuti akazi tsopano amabwera kunyumba atakula kwambiri ndipo angakhale ndi zilema zakuthupi kuposa kale lonse, koma ogwira ntchito ali okonzeka kuwathandiza. Easton Home ili ndi malo osamalira anthu oyenerera bwino, motsogozedwa ndi a Mary Linton, omwe akhala ndi boma kwa zaka 21.

Wolemera m'mbiri, Easton Home si nyumba yosungirako okalamba kapena njira yomaliza kwa amayi omwe alibe chochita. Zaka zambiri zapitazo m'nyumba, kusalidwa kunali njira yomaliza kwa amayi omwe analibe kwina kopita.

Nyumba zambiri zosungirako anthu okalamba zimayendetsedwa ndi boma, ma municipalities, maboma am'deralo kapena magulu. Gawo lachisamaliro laku China lakhala likukulirakulira zaka zitatu mpaka zinayi zapitazi, kuchokera ku chisamaliro chapakhomo kupita kumadera opuma pantchito. Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi maukonde oposa 200 malo utumiki anakhazikitsa mu Shanghai.

Kukonzekera kwachi China kwa njira zitatu zosamalira nthawi yayitali kumatsindika bwino ntchito zapakhomo ndi zapagulu. Thandizo laukadaulo likuwoneka ngati lothandizira pakukula komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa ogwira ntchito yosamalira. Anthu akapeza kuti mankhwala amayesedwa ndi kulipidwa akafunika, zimadabwitsa.

Kuno ku UK, anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti thandizo lachitukuko lili ngati NHS ndipo lidzakhala laulere akalifuna. Thandizo la anthu limaphatikizapo mitundu yonse ya chithandizo chaumwini ndi njira zina zothandizira akuluakulu omwe akusowa thandizo lina. M'magawo onse adziko lonse komanso zigawo, boma layamba kukulitsa ntchito zosamalira ana kuti zithandizire kusamalira mabanja komanso kuthandiza anthu kukhala m'nyumba zawo.

Ngakhale ntchito zapakhomo ndi zapagulu zimakondedwa ndi anthu aku China omwe ali ndi maudindo apamwamba komanso omwe amathandizidwa ndi boma, ntchito zotere zikadali zomwazika m'mizinda ndi matauni ambiri ku China ndipo kulibe kumidzi. Makampani angapo aku US ndi makampani apadera azamalamulo ayesa posachedwapa kugulitsa nyumba zopuma pantchito za Azungu ku China.42,43 Komabe, pali zopinga zambiri kuti apambane, kuphatikiza msika wamisika wosatheka (ambiri akuyang'ana zinthu zapamwamba zomwe ndi zochepa. Akuluakulu a ku China angaganizire.) kulola), kusagwirizana kwa chikhalidwe (chisamaliro cha Azungu ndi ntchito sizingafanane ndi zizolowezi za ogula kapena zokonda zakomweko), komanso malo osatsimikizika owongolera.

Guo Xiaofei akukhulupirira kuti mipando yosamalira okalamba ku China pakadali pano ilibe chitukuko ndipo ilibe chidwi komanso kumvetsetsa. M'nyumba zina zazikulu zosungirako okalamba, zipangizo zofewa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mochepa kwambiri, pamene zipangizo zachitsulo zimatchulidwa kuti ndizo zambiri. Makampani okhalamo amapanga mipando yosiyanasiyana monga matebulo odyera, magalasi, matebulo a khofi, madesiki ndi zikwangwani zam'mbali.

Anthu okhala pamphasa amatha kugona pamphasa, monga momwe dzuŵa limakhalira kugona pabedi. Mipando isanayambe, anthu ambiri a ku China ankakhala pansi kuti agone. Nthawi zambiri, anthu wamba amakhala ndi mipando yaing'ono ndipo amatha kukhala pa chilichonse: mabenchi, ndowa, kapena pansi.

M’mibadwo iwiri yotsatira (Nyimbo ya Kumpoto ndi Nyimbo ya Kummwera), kugwiritsa ntchito mipando yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mipando, mabenchi ndi mipando, kunali kofala m’gulu la anthu a ku China. Mapangidwe atsopano ndi apamwamba kwambiri anatulukira, monga misana yozungulira yopangidwa ndi thupi, ngakhale kuti poyamba mipando yotereyi inkagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akuluakulu komanso apamwamba a ku China, koma patapita nthawi, mipando yotereyi inafalikira m'nyumba za aliyense amene angakwanitse. Mipando ya m’nyumba ya ku China, mosadalira mipando ya Azungu, yasanduka mitundu yambiri yofanana ndi imeneyi, kuphatikizapo mipando, matebulo, mipando, mawodrobe, zovala, mabedi, ndi sofa. Mipando yopangidwa ndi matabwa inayamba kuonekera mu zojambula za ku China cha m'ma 1000.

Mipando yomwe ilipo ya kalembedweyi siinali Mzera wa Ming (1368-1644), koma zikuwoneka kuti pali zojambula zazaka za zana la 10 ku China zomwe zikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a mpandowu. Kalembedwe kakale ka mipando yaku China idayamba kumwera ndi kumpoto kwanyimbo yachifumu (960-1279). Mipando yomwe tsopano imatengedwa kuti ndi China ikhoza kuyambika ku Mzera wa Tang (618-907). Mipando yaku China inalipo mu nthawi ya Ming ndi Qing Dynasties; Chifukwa chake, mipando yamtundu wa Ming ndi Qing idakhala mipando yachikhalidwe yaku China yomwe anthu amawona masiku ano.

Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti mawonekedwe oyambira omwe adapangidwa mu Mzera wa Ming amatha kuwonekabe pansi pa zokongoletsa zovuta zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamipando ya Qing Dynasty. Mipando ya Ming Dynasty ndi gawo lofunikira pakupanga matabwa aku China. Aka ndi koyamba m'mbiri yaku China kuti mapangidwe a mipando akuwonetsanso ntchito yake.

Kukongola kosangalatsa komanso tanthawuzo lophiphiritsa la mipando ya Ming idathandizira kulimbikitsa kalembedwe ka China pakukongoletsa nyumba zamakono. Kutengera mipando mu Ming Dynasty mwachitsanzo, fanizo laukadaulo limaphatikizapo filosofi ya chikhalidwe chakale cha ku China. Sikokokomeza kunena kuti popanda chisonkhezero cha mapangidwe a China, mipando yakale yachikale ya Kumadzulo sikanakhala momwe ilili tsopano.

Mipando yakale yaku China nthawi zambiri imatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zidapangidwa m'nthawi ya Ming ndi Qing, kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 14 mpaka koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20. Mulinso matebulo, zovala, mipando, mipando ndi mafelemu a bedi, komanso mipando ina ya m’nyumba.

Mipando ndi zinthu zakale zimaphatikizanso zojambulajambula zakale, sofa ndi mipando, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kristalo wokongola, china, nyali zamkuwa ndi zomata. Ngati muli ku China, ndiye kuti pali National Museum of China ku Beijing, yomwe ili ndi mipando yambiri kuchokera ku mafumu a Ming ndi Qing. Phunzirani za mbiri yodabwitsa ya mipando yaku China muzojambula zamitundu ya Ming ndi Qing ikuwonetsa malo odabwitsa amkati, akutero katswiriyo.

Osawopa Kutsika M'mipando Popeza mipando yaku China yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, ndizotheka kuti ngakhale zinthu zabwino kwambiri zidakonzedwanso. Kudziwa momwe mipando imapangidwira. Mipando yaku China nthawi zambiri imapangidwa popanda guluu kapena misomali - zinthu zake zimagwiridwa ndi maukonde ovuta olumikizirana. Kupanga mipando yamatabwa yachikhalidwe yaku China kumachokera pamitengo yolimba, yolumikizidwa ndi misomali yolumikizira ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi guluu kapena misomali yachitsulo.

Koma chifukwa chakuti ntchito yotsika mtengo ya ku China inachititsa kuti zojambulajambula zikhale zothandiza, mipando yamtunduwu inathandiza kuti kampaniyo ipite patsogolo. Kuchotsedwa kwa chiletso cha malonda apanyanja mu Ming Dynasty kunalola kuti mitengo yolimba monga huanghuali iperekedwe.

Ankadziwikanso kuti "mpando wa nyali" chifukwa mawonekedwe ake ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi masitepe omwe ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kale, mumaganiza kuti, kupachika nyali m'nyumba yaku China. Mipando yaku China sikuti imangowonjezera kukongola kwa chipinda chanu chochezera, komanso imafotokoza nkhani yayikulu yokhudzana ndi mbiri yaku China komanso mbiri yakale. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, mipando yaku China yachititsa chidwi onse opanga komanso osonkhanitsa zojambulajambula.

Njira zonse zazing'ono za lacquer yaku China zitha kupezeka pamipando ndipo zapezeka pagulu komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuyambira nthawi ya Ming Dynasty. M'buku lake, akunena kuti mipando yofanana ndi kukongola kwa enemas sinawonekere zaka zoposa 2,000, mpaka zaka za golide za mipando m'zaka za zana la 18, pamene luso la kulenga ndi malonda a dziko lapansi linatulutsa zinthu zokongoletsedwa. ngati mpando waku France Louis XV ndi mipando yokhala ndi miyendo yaku China / English cabriole.