Lub Evolution ntawm Lub Tsev Kho Mob Lub Rooj Zaum hauv Suav teb

Zeitner sau tseg, txawm li cas los xij, cov poj niam tam sim no tuaj txog tsev thaum muaj hnub nyoog laus dua thiab tuaj yeem muaj lub cev tsis taus ntau dua li yav dhau los, tab sis cov neeg ua haujlwm tau npaj los pab lawv. Easton Home muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm pabcuam kev noj qab haus huv uas tsim nyog, coj los ntawm Mary Linton, uas tau nrog lub xeev tau 21 xyoo.

Kev nplua nuj hauv keeb kwm, Easton Tsev tsis yog lub tsev laus lossis qhov chaw kawg rau cov poj niam uas tsis muaj kev xaiv. Ntau xyoo dhau los hauv tsev, kev qia dub yog qhov chaw kawg rau cov poj niam uas tsis muaj lwm qhov mus.

Feem ntau ntawm cov tsev laus tau khiav los ntawm lub xeev, hauv nroog, tsoomfwv hauv nroog lossis pawg neeg. Kev saib xyuas hauv Suav teb tau ntsib kev loj hlob loj heev nyob rau peb mus rau plaub lub xyoos dhau los, los ntawm kev saib xyuas hauv tsev mus rau cov zej zog so haujlwm. Ib qho piv txwv yog lub network ntawm ntau tshaj 200 lub chaw pabcuam tau tsim thoob plaws hauv Shanghai.

Suav cov txheej txheem ntawm peb-tiered kev saib xyuas mus sij hawm ntev kom tsim nyog hais txog kev pabcuam hauv tsev thiab hauv zej zog. Kev pabcuam thev naus laus zis tau pom tias yog ua tiav rau kev nthuav dav thiab kev siv cov neeg saib xyuas zoo tshaj plaws. Thaum tib neeg pom tias kev kho mob raug kuaj thiab them nyiaj thaum xav tau, nws los ua kev poob siab.

Ntawm no hauv UK, cov neeg feem coob xav tias kev pabcuam kev sib raug zoo zoo li NHS thiab yuav pub dawb thaum lawv xav tau. Kev pabcuam pejxeem suav nrog txhua hom kev pabcuam tus kheej thiab lwm yam kev pabcuam rau cov neeg laus uas xav tau kev pabcuam ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv ob lub teb chaws thiab lub xeev, tsoom fwv tau pib nthuav dav cov kev pabcuam saib xyuas los txhawb kev saib xyuas tsev neeg thiab pab tib neeg nyob hauv lawv lub tsev.

Thaum cov kev pabcuam hauv tsev thiab pej xeem nyiam los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm siab thiab tsoomfwv-tsoomfwv cov neeg Suav, cov kev pabcuam no tseem muaj nyob thoob plaws ntau lub nroog thiab cov nroog hauv Suav teb thiab tsis muaj nyob hauv cov nroog nyob deb nroog. Ntau lub tuam txhab Asmeskas thiab cov tuam txhab lag luam ntiag tug tsis ntev los no tau sim nqis peev hauv Western-style so nyiaj laus vaj tsev nyob hauv Suav teb.42,43 Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau yam cuam tshuam rau kev vam meej, suav nrog kev lag luam tsis muaj tseeb (feem ntau cov tub ua lag luam tab tom nrhiav cov khoom lag luam siab uas tsawg tsawg. Cov laus Suav tuaj yeem xav txog.) tso cai), kev coj noj coj ua tsis sib xws (kev saib xyuas thiab kev pabcuam sab hnub poob yuav tsis sib haum rau cov neeg siv khoom hauv zos lossis kev nyiam), thiab ib puag ncig kev tswj hwm tsis meej.

Guo Xiaofei ntseeg tias cov rooj tog saib xyuas neeg laus hauv Suav teb tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev ntawm kev loj hlob thiab tsis muaj kev saib xyuas thiab kev nkag siab. Hauv qee lub tsev laus, cov rooj tog muag muag tau siv tsawg heev, thaum cov rooj tog hlau raug suav hais tias yog feem ntau. Cov tuam txhab zaum rooj tsim ntau yam rooj tog xws li rooj noj mov, iav, rooj kas fes, rooj thiab rooj tog zaum.

Cov neeg zaum ntawm lub lev yog feem ntau yuav pw saum lub lev, ib yam li lub hnub lounger feem ntau yuav pw saum txaj. Ua ntej cov rooj zaum tshwm sim, cov neeg Suav feem coob zaum hauv pem teb kom tsaug zog. Feem ntau, cov neeg zoo tib yam muaj rooj tog me me thiab tuaj yeem zaum ntawm txhua yam: rooj zaum, thoob, lossis hauv av.

Thaum lub sij hawm tom ntej ob lub dynasties (Northern Song thiab Southern Song), kev siv ntau hom rooj tog, nrog rau cov rooj zaum, rooj zaum thiab cov quav, tau tshwm sim thoob plaws hauv Suav teb. Cov qauv tsim tshiab thiab zoo dua qub tau tshwm sim, xws li lub nraub qaum rov qab molded rau lub cev, txawm hais tias thaum xub thawj cov rooj tog no tsuas yog siv los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg Suav sab saud, tab sis dhau sij hawm, cov rooj tog no kis mus rau cov tsev ntawm txhua tus neeg uas muaj peev xwm them taus. Suav rooj tog hauv tsev, ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm cov rooj tog zaum sab hnub poob, tau hloov mus rau ntau yam zoo sib xws, nrog rau cov rooj zaum, rooj, quav, wardrobes, wardrobes, txaj, thiab sofas. Cov rooj zaum ntoo tau pib tshwm hauv Suav cov duab kos nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th.

Cov rooj zaum uas twb muaj lawm ntawm cov qauv no tsis yog ua ntej Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), tab sis zoo li muaj qee qhov 10-xyoo pua artworks nyob rau hauv Suav teb qhia txog cov duab ntawm lub rooj zaum no. Classical style ntawm Suav rooj tog pib nyob rau yav qab teb thiab Northern Song Dynasty (960-1279). Cov rooj tog uas tam sim no suav tias yog Tuam Tshoj tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau Tang Dynasty (618-907). Suav rooj tog yeej yeej thaum lub sij hawm Ming thiab Qing Dynasties; Yog li ntawd, Ming thiab Qing style rooj tog tau dhau los ua cov rooj tog zaum hauv Suav teb uas tib neeg pom niaj hnub no.

Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias cov duab yooj yim tsim nyob rau hauv Ming Dynasty tseem tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov kev kho kom zoo nkauj uas siv rau cov rooj tog hauv Qing Dynasty. Ming Dynasty rooj tog yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov ntoo ntoo hauv Suav teb. Qhov no yog thawj zaug hauv Suav keeb kwm uas tsim rooj tog kuj qhia txog nws txoj haujlwm.

Qhov kev zoo nkauj zoo nkauj thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm Ming rooj tog tau pab txhawb Suav style hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj hauv tsev. Noj rooj tog hauv Ming Dynasty ua piv txwv, kos duab kos duab embodies lub tswv yim ntawm Suav kab lis kev cai qub. Nws tsis yog exaggeration hais tias tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm Suav tsim, qub-fashioned Western-style rooj tog yuav tsis zoo li tam sim no.

Classical Suav rooj tog feem ntau yog hais txog ntau yam khoom ua thaum lub sij hawm Ming thiab Qing dynasties, txij li thaum xyoo pua 14th mus rau thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20th. Nws suav nrog cov rooj, wardrobes, rooj zaum, cov quav thiab cov txaj txaj, nrog rau lwm cov rooj tog siv hauv tsev.

Cov rooj tog zaum thiab cov khoom qub muaj xws li cov duab qub qub, cov rooj zaum thiab cov rooj zaum, ntau yam zoo nkauj siv lead ua, Tuam Tshoj, tooj dag teeb thiab embroidered tapestries. Yog tias koj nyob hauv Suav teb, tom qab ntawd muaj National Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Tuam Tshoj hauv Beijing, uas muaj ntau cov rooj tog zaum ntawm Ming thiab Qing dynasties. Kawm txog keeb kwm zoo kawg nkaus ntawm Suav rooj tog hauv kos duab kos duab los ntawm Ming thiab Qing dynasties piav qhia txog qhov chaw zoo nkauj sab hauv, hais tias tus kws tshaj lij.

Tsis txhob ntshai plam hauv qab rooj tog Txij li cov rooj tog hauv Suav teb tau siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub, nws zoo li tias txawm tias cov khoom ua piv txwv feem ntau tau ua tiav qee qhov kev kho dua tshiab. Kev paub txog kev tsim rooj tog li cas. Suav rooj tog feem ntau yog ua tsis muaj kua nplaum los yog cov rau tes - nws cov ntsiab lus tau tuav ua ke los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm kev sib txuas. Kev tsim kho ntawm cov rooj tog ntoo hauv Suav teb feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv ntoo, txuas tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov hlua khi thiab tsis tshua muaj cov kua nplaum lossis cov ntsia hlau hlau.

Tab sis vim hais tias Tuam Tshoj tus pheej yig zog ua carvings tswv yim, hom rooj tog no pab tsav lub tuam txhab txoj kev tawg. Kev tshem tawm ntawm kev txwv kev lag luam hauv hiav txwv hauv Ming Dynasty tau tso cai rau cov khoom siv ntoo xws li huanghuali.

Nws tseem hu ua "lamp lub rooj zaum" vim tias nws cov duab zoo ib yam li cov qauv staircase uas tau siv keeb kwm yav dhau los, koj twv nws, los dai teeb hauv Suav tsev. Suav rooj zaum tsis tsuas yog ntxiv elegance rau koj chav nyob, tab sis lawv kuj qhia ib zaj dab neeg zoo txog Tuam Tshoj keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm zaum. Tau ntau pua xyoo, Suav cov rooj zaum tau nyiam ob tus tsim qauv thiab cov neeg sau khoom kos duab.

Tag nrho cov txheej txheem sub-techniques ntawm Suav lacquer tuaj yeem pom ntawm rooj tog thiab tau dhau los ua kev sib raug zoo thiab siv dav txij li Ming Dynasty. Nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv, nws sib cav hais tias cov rooj zaum sib npaug ntawm elegance rau enemas tsis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau tshaj 2,000 xyoo, kom txog rau thaum lub hnub nyoog golden ntawm lub rooj zaum nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, thaum muaj kev sib tw ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb tsim cov khoom dai kom zoo nkauj. xws li Fabkis Louis XV rooj zaum thiab rooj tog zaum nrog Suav / Askiv cabriole ob txhais ceg.